Evolution of financial planning and analysis (FP&A)

From clay tablets to the cloud, accounting and finance have seen vast changes in tools, methods, and focus since their inception. But they continue to evolve in the face of a changing business environment.

Developments in the type and amount of financial data available to finance professionals, along with powerful new tools used to analyze it, have created a new role for financial planning and analysis (FP&A). Evolving from reactionary to predictive has made finance a guiding hand for strategic business decisions—and senior leaders have begun to expect timely insights, creating pressure for teams.

Key historical developments have created the current state of modern financial planning and analysis. This has resulted in new expectations and challenges for FP&A professionals who must devise strategies for meeting these expectations.

The foundations of modern FP&A

Given the importance of goods and trade to human civilization, it’s not surprising that bookkeeping and accounting date back to the beginning of recorded human history. Rudimentary accounting documents have been found in the ruins of Mesopotamia, Babylon, and other ancient civilizations dating back thousands of years.

Franciscan friar Luca Bartolomeo de Pacioli is known as the “Father of Accounting and Bookkeeping,” the Italian mathematician described the double-entry accounting system in his 1494 book, Summa de Arithmetica, Geometria. Proportioni et Proportionalita. The system included most of the accounting cycle as we know it today and described the use of journals and ledgers, with account categories still used in balance sheets and income statements.

Obviously, there were many accounting and finance developments following Mr. Pacoilo, but let's fast-forward to the 20^th century, when three major milestones laid the foundation for today’s accounting and modern finance functions in the United States.

Milestones of modern finance: The 20^th century shift

In 1913, the U.S. ratified the 16^th Amendment to the constitution, creating a federal income tax. The amendment forced individuals and companies to improve record keeping, but there was considerable confusion as to how this should be done.

As a result, in the Federal Reserve Bulletin of April 1917, the Federal Reserve issued "Uniform Accounting." While the bulletin purported to promote accounting uniformity, it left the majority of accounting choices to professional judgment.

Finally, following the stock market crash of 1929, the U.S. Congress passed the Security Act of 1933 and the Security Exchange Act of 1934. The acts prohibited deceit, misrepresentations, and other fraud in the sale of securities. It also established the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC), giving it broad powers to oversee and regulate the securities industry. The Exchange Act also empowered the SEC to require periodic reporting of financial information by companies with publicly traded securities.

These few points in history illustrate the foundation for the general practices of accounting, as well as the impetus for the modern accounting and finance function in the U.S. But what about the ways modern FP&A practices are accomplished?

The evolution of accounting tools

As accounting practices have evolved since its origins, so have the tools used for calculating and analyzing accounting data. The first calculating machine, called the Sumerian abacus, dates back nearly 5,000 years, and was used for addition and subtraction.

Nearly three millennia passed before French mathematician Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical calculator, called the Pascaline Calculator, in 1642. Nearly two centuries later in 1837, British engineer and inventor Charles Babbage conceived and designed the first general-purpose computer, dubbed the Analytical Engine.

And in 1946, professors J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly of the University of Pennsylvania invented and built the first electronic digital computer called ENIAC, which stood for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. The introduction of the Intel 4004—the world’s first commercially available microprocessor chip—by Intel Corporation in 1971 set the stage for a boom in computer development that continues to this day.

FP&A software revolution: electronic spreadsheets

Software tools began to emerge as a result of that boom. In 1978, VisiCorp released VisiCalc, the first electronic spreadsheet for the Apple II. VisiCalc, which stood for visible calculator, was a game changer that enabled finance professionals to create custom reports and perform numerical analytics. As a result, it quickly became the must-have software for the Apple II. Five years later, Lotus Development Corporation launched Lotus 1-2-3, an integrated solution that handled spreadsheet calculations, database functionality, and graphical charts. The program quickly eclipsed VisiCalc and became the must-have software for the IBM PC. Lotus acquired VisiCorp two years later, discontinued its product lines, and Lotus 1-2-3 became the industry standard. But not for long.

Microsoft^® released its first version of Excel for the Macintosh in 1985. Over the next decade, Excel^® and Word^® came to dominate the market for office software, and until recently, remained the predominant tools for FP&A reporting.

The most pertinent recent development is Big Data, i.e., massive data sets used to reveal patterns, trends, and associations. It’s fair to say that we are living in the era of Big Data. As former Google CEO and Alphabet Executive Chairman Eric Schmidt eloquently characterized the situation, "There were 5 exabytes of information created between the dawn of civilization through 2003, but that much information is now created every 2 days."

Defining the roles of accountants and financial analysts

Why is the history of finance relevant? The milestones above helped create today’s modern finance function as distinct from the accounting function. If we look at the two, clear differences emerge.

Accountants describe the present reality of a company's finances using historical information. They are more interested in the specific and exacting details of day-to-day operations along with financial accuracy and taxes.

By contrast, financial analysts tend to work with an overall picture. They consider past and current financial trends to help the company achieve a future reality. They are storytellers who use numbers as their language. They review financial decisions based on current market trends, stated business objectives, and possible investment options. Financial analysts build off of accountants' work.

The progression of financial analysts

Until fairly recently, financial analysts' work focused on understanding underlying business systems, recording and processing transactions, and reporting financial results. If we were lucky, we could add value through analyzing results via high-level ratios and industry comparisons—and there were always 10-Ks and 10-Qs, the raw materials of finance, that needed to be analyzed and understood.

Prior to the advent of computers and spreadsheets, financial planning and analysis lacked the purpose and potential impact it has today. Financial analysts needed more data to analyze in order to provide more benefit to a company. The good news is we got it.

Today, with financial planning and analysis software at our disposal we can analyze more financial information at a deeper level than ever before. Advanced analytics and modeling capabilities are readily available, and we can provide forward-looking analyses that are insightful and impactful. In short, the financial function can be fun, exciting, and powerful. However, as the old saying goes, “With great power comes great responsibility”

Changing landscape: new expectations for FP&A

Modern finance professionals have moved beyond the basics of number crunching and financial reporting. They have become gatekeepers. True strategic partners. In that capacity, they provide insight into the future by connecting the dots and unlocking value. They balance yesterday, today, and tomorrow. They help drive accountability and transparency throughout the financial planning and analysis process to ensure the competitiveness of your company.

It’s fair to say that modern FP&A professionals no longer just report the news but help make the news. Senior management expects them to be the brains and provide the right financial information to keep the business firing on all cylinders. Their job is to provide Smart Data, i.e., data that can be turned into actionable insights and enables management to effectively solve their business problems.

Smart Data is information that is:

• Relevant: it makes a difference, especially with regard to making predictions

• Timely: it's relevant now

• Faithful: it's complete, neutral, and error-free

• Verifiable: it can be replicated and verified

• Actionable: it's true to what it claims to represent and is deemed beneficial to the user

• Understandable: it's quickly comprehensible by those familiar with the situation

Today’s financial planning and analysis challenges

Though today’s expectations for FP&A professionals are high, the reality of the situation is sometimes quite different. Here are some of the frustrations our customers are hoping to overcome.

– I’m struggling to live up to management’s expectations.
– I feel reactive versus proactive.
– I simply don't have enough time or resources.
– There's too much bureaucracy to overcome.
– We are tasked with competing priorities.
– There are too many challenges, and the environment is getting more complex.
– I don't really have support from my leadership.
– We lack the technology we need to do this.

Rest assured. You are not alone!

There are a host of financial planning challenges that financial professionals must confront, including technology shortfalls, data access issues, and problems with data integrity.

According to a survey from Deloitte, 65% of respondents in accounting and finance say their organization is either unprepared or only somewhat prepared to meet future demands. In fact, a survey of FP&A professionals conducted by gtnews found that 66 percent of financial professionals spend more than nine hours a month on non-value added activities.

These activities included:

• 64% identifying and correcting errors

• 63% manually updating reports

• 61% verifying accuracy

• 60% manually collecting and compiling data

• 55% proofreading to ensure accuracy

• 54% tracking multiple report versions

65 percent of survey participants also said they needed to improve trust at their workplaces, and 70% said collaboration also needed to be improved.

Moving forward with FP&A technology

To ensure financial planning and analysis is effective and adds value across the enterprise, it must demonstrate efficiency and value within its own business processes. Financial professionals must reengineer their organizations' key finance processes to free up resources and allow finance teams to focus on more value-added activities—the financial performance and financial reports themselves.

According to The CFO Agenda: Target Five Key Transformation Initiatives to Move Finance Forward, reengineering also provides a solution for financial professionals constrained by static or shrinking finance budgets:

Since there will be little or no additional money in the finance budget this year, reengineering processes for greater efficiency is the main way to free up funds for investing in value-creation processes while demonstrating continued commitment to maintaining a competitive cost structure. The basics of process improvement have not changed—initiatives in this area should strive for ever greater standardization, simplification, and elimination of non-essential activities.

To do this, the authors point out, professionals need to look to new financial planning and analysis software. “Digitization, robotic process automation, the cloud, and new self-service analytics tools are technological game changers for finance as it looks for ways to revamp its processes and be more responsive to customers.”

In short, to modernize the finance department, management must leverage financial planning technology. The primary tools used by FP&A professionals, e.g., email, desktop word processors, and spreadsheets, were never designed to handle today’s financial reporting and analysis requirements. Rather, they hinder us from clearly defining, achieving, and reporting on our financial goals and objectives.

An effective financial planning and analysis solution

Using the right financial planning and analysis tools can make all the difference. But what should you look for in that solution? There are three key functionalities to keep in mind as you assess what is right for you and your team.

The first focus should be to make collaboration throughout the financial planning and analysis process an everyday activity. The solution should provide an environment where you can leverage certified and trusted information, to publish to narrative reports, dashboards, workbooks, and presentations.

You should have one active document that allows geographically distributed, remote teams to work together to build a cohesive financial story for management, stakeholders, and the board. You should also be able to combine financial and nonfinancial data—such as ESG data—in one location to connect silos of information across the enterprise.

Second, focus on accuracy by creating a single source of truth. Use your new financial analysis solution to establish a linked approach to the source data and all its destinations. If the source changes, all associated data points should change with it. Accuracy then becomes an attribute, not a task. As a result, the most up-to-date data will always be reflected.

Finally, worry about the future, not the past. Use a financial planning and analysis solution that has a comprehensive audit trail. You should be able to accurately collect disparate data, know where it's coming from, know where it eventually travels to, and know when it changes.

Following these guidelines will minimize non-valued added activities like quadruple checking work, following up on emails and tracking down different data sources to focus on the financial planning and analysis itself.

In summary, we have come a long way—from clay tablets, to papyrus, carbon copy papers, and the cloud. This history and evolution of financial planning and analysis has given us greater responsibilities. We have ambitious goals and lofty dreams that we want to live up to. Assume that you have the ability to positively rise to every challenge before you, and do it. Then, reallocate that time you’ve freed up to do something impactful.

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